Vol. 44 (3): 440-451, May – June, 2018
doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0320
REVIEW ARTICLE
Pablo S. Sierra 1, Shivashankar Damodaran 2, David Jarrard 2, 3
1 Fundacion Valle del Lili -Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; 2 Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; 3 University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
ABSTRACT
The incidence of small, lower risk well-differentiated prostate cancer is increasing and almost half of the patients with this diagnosis are candidates for initial conservative management in an attempt to avoid overtreatment and morbidity associated with sur¬gery or radiation. A proportion of patients labeled as low risk, candidates for Active Surveillance (AS), harbor aggressive disease and would benefit from definitive treat¬ment. The focus of this review is to identify clinicopathologic features that may help identify these less optimal AS candidates.
A systematic Medline/PubMed Review was performed in January 2017 according to PRISMA guidelines; 83 articles were selected for full text review according to their relevance and after applying limits described.
For patients meeting AS criteria including Gleason Score 6, several factors can assist in predicting those patients that are at higher risk for reclassification including higher PSA density, bilateral cancer, African American race, small prostate volume and low testosterone. Nomograms combining these features improve risk stratification.
Clinical and pathologic features provide a significant amount of information for risk stratification (>70%) for patients considering active surveillance. Higher risk patient subgroups can benefit from further evaluation or consideration of treatment. Recom¬mendations will continue to evolve as data from longer term AS cohorts matures.
Keywords: Prostatic Neoplasms; Neoplasm Grading
